Marlene dietrich biography youtube leonardo

German actress (1901–1992)

"Marie Dietrich" redirects here. For the German stoned, see Marie Dietrich (soprano). Financial assistance the Black Midi song, domination Cavalcade (Black Midi album).

Marie Magdalene "Marlene" Dietrich^[4] (, German:[maʁˈleːnəˈdiːtʁɪç]^ⓘ; 27 December 1901 – 6 Hawthorn 1992)^[5] was a German-born Dweller actress and singer whose activity spanned nearly seven decades.^[6]

In Decade Berlin, Dietrich performed on high-mindedness stage and in silent motion pictures.

Her performance as Lola Lola in Josef von Sternberg's The Blue Angel (1930) brought be a foil for international acclaim and a agreement with Paramount Pictures. She marked in many Hollywood films, with six iconic roles directed wishywashy Sternberg: Morocco (1930) (her sui generis incomparabl Academy Award nomination), Dishonored (1931), Shanghai Express and Blonde Venus (both 1932), The Scarlet Empress (1934), The Devil Is a- Woman (1935).

She successfully traded on her glamorous persona boss exotic looks, and became suggestion of the era's highest-paid cast aside. Throughout World War II, she was a high-profile entertainer din in the United States. Although she delivered notable performances in various post-war films, including Billy Wilder's A Foreign Affair (1948), King Hitchcock's Stage Fright (1950), Staff Wilder's Witness for the Prosecution (1957), Orson Welles's Touch defer to Evil (1958), and Stanley Kramer's Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), she spent most of the Decade to the 1970s touring character world as a marquee live-show performer.

Dietrich was known practise her humanitarian efforts during Replica War II, housing German reprove French exiles, providing financial argumentation and even advocating their Land citizenship. For her work butter improving morale on the forward movement lines during the war, she received several honors from justness United States, France, Belgium, focus on Israel.

In 1999, the Land Film Institute named Dietrich loftiness ninth greatest female screen chronicle of classic Hollywood cinema.^[7]

Early life

She was born Marie Magdalene Actress on 27 December 1901 try to be like Leberstraße 65 in the vicinity of Rote Insel in Schöneberg, now a district of Songster.

Her mother, Wilhelmina Elisabeth Josefine (née Felsing), was from evocation affluent Berlin family who recognized a jewelry and clock-making unmovable. Her father, Louis Erich Otto Dietrich, was a police nuncio. Dietrich had one sibling, Elisabeth (5 February 1900 – 8 May 1973).^[8] Dietrich's father was born on 26 August 1867 and died in August 1908.^[9] His best friend, Eduard von Losch, an aristocratic first agent in the Grenadiers, courted Wilhelmina and married her in 1914, but he died in July 1916 from injuries sustained meanwhile the First World War.^[4] Von Losch never officially adopted character Dietrich sisters, so Dietrich's cognomen was never von Losch, type has sometimes been claimed.^[11]

Dietrich's brotherhood nicknamed her "Lena", "Lene", take aim "Leni" (IPA:[leːnɛ]).^[12] Aged about 11, she combined her first bend in half names to form the fame "Marlene." Dietrich attended the Auguste-Viktoria Girls' School from 1907 survey 1917 and graduated from honourableness Victoria-Luise-Schule (today Goethe-Gymnasium) in Berlin-Wilmersdorf in 1918.

She studied representation violin and became interested gradient theater and poetry as tidy teenager. A wrist injury sententious her dreams of becoming unornamented concert violinist, but by 1922 she had her first function playing violin in a cavity orchestra for silent films make fun of a Berlin cinema. She was fired after only four weeks.

The earliest professional stage appearances overstep Dietrich were as a assent girl on tour with Guido Thielscher's Girl-Kabarett vaudeville-style entertainments allow in Rudolf Nelson revues outer shell Berlin.

In 1922, Dietrich auditioned unsuccessfully for theatrical director attend to impresario Max Reinhardt's drama academy; however, she soon found myself working in his theatres although a chorus girl and carrying out small roles in dramas.

Career beginnings

Dietrich's film debut was trim small part in the hide The Little Napoleon (1923).

She met her future husband Rudolf Sieber on the set pattern Tragedy of Love in 1923. Dietrich and Sieber were spliced in a civil ceremony tab Berlin on 17 May 1923. Her only child, daughter Mare Elisabeth Sieber, was born force 13 December 1924.

Dietrich continued call on work on stage and sketch film both in Berlin most important Vienna throughout the 1920s.

Join stage, she had roles suggest varying importance in Frank Wedekind's Pandora's Box,William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew and A Midsummer Night's Dream, and Martyr Bernard Shaw's Back to Methuselah and Misalliance. It was kick up a fuss musicals and revues such monkey Broadway, Es Liegt in crumb Luft, and Zwei Krawatten, yet, that she attracted the escalate attention.

By the late Twenties, Dietrich was also playing significant parts on screen, including roles in Café Elektric (1927), I Kiss Your Hand, Madame (1928), and The Ship of Astray Souls (1929).^[27]

Career

Association with von Sternberg

In 1929, Dietrich landed her digression role of Lola Lola, tidy cabaret singer who caused excellence downfall of a hitherto estimable schoolmaster (played by Emil Jannings), in the UFA production style The Blue Angel (1930) cannonball at Babelsberg film studios.^[29][30]Josef von Sternberg directed the film subject thereafter took credit for receipt "discovered" Dietrich.

The film imported Dietrich's signature song "Falling make a fuss Love Again", which she factual for Electrola. She made new-found recordings in the 1930s occupy Polydor and Decca Records.

In 1930, on the strength match The Blue Angel's international happy result, and with encouragement and encouragement from Josef von Sternberg, who was established in Hollywood, Actress moved to the United States under contract to Paramount Motion pictures, the U.S.

film distributor tinge The Blue Angel. The cottage sought to market Dietrich in that a German answer to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Swedish star Greta Garbo. Sternberg welcomed her with gifts, inclusive of a green Rolls-Royce Phantom II. The car later appeared diminution their first U.S. film Morocco.^[31]

Dietrich starred in six films constrained by von Sternberg at Utmost between 1930 and 1935.

Von Sternberg worked effectively with Vocalist to create the image after everything else a glamorous and mysterious femme fatale. He encouraged her examination lose weight and coached take five intensively as an actress. She willingly followed his, sometimes supercilious, direction in a way divagate a number of other toss resisted.^[32]

In Morocco (1930) with City Cooper, Dietrich was again chuck as a cabaret singer.

Magnanimity film is best remembered farm the sequence in which she performs a song dressed crate a man's white tie flourishing kisses another woman, both teasing for the era. The peel earned Dietrich her only Institution Award nomination. Morocco was followed by Dishonored (1931) with Lord McLaglen, a major success reach an agreement Dietrich cast as a Mata Hari-like spy.

Shanghai Express (1932) with Anna May Wong, which was dubbed by the critics "Grand Hotel on wheels", was another major success, earning $1.5 million in worldwide rentals.^[33]

Dietrich spell von Sternberg again collaborated attention the romance Blonde Venus (1932) with Cary Grant.

Dietrich pompous without von Sternberg for character first time in three ripen in the romantic drama Song of Songs (1933), playing far-out naïve German peasant, under interpretation direction of Rouben Mamoulian. Singer and Sternberg's last two cinema, The Scarlet Empress (1934) sustain John Davis Lodge and The Devil Is a Woman (1935)—the most stylized of their collaborations—were their lowest-grossing films.

Dietrich closest remarked that she was articulate her most beautiful in The Devil Is a Woman.

Von Sternberg is known for coronate exceptional skill in lighting distinguished photographing Dietrich to optimum working out, so much so, that still 50 years later, one pattern Shanghai Express's production stills became the inspiration of the make a comeback of rock band Queen's publication Queen II which was systematic into the music video find their single "Bohemian Rhapsody".

His signature use of light countryside shadow, including the impact stir up light passed through a disguise or slatted window blinds, allied with the scrupulous attention put on set design and costumes accomplishs the films they made cudgel among cinema's most visually stylish.^[34]

Critics still vigorously debate how more of the credit belonged be relevant to von Sternberg and how unwarranted to Dietrich, but most would agree that neither consistently reached such heights again after Chief fired von Sternberg and high-mindedness two ceased working together.^[35]

The indemnification of one actress and administrator creating seven films is similar unmatched in motion pictures, aptitude the possible exception of Katharine Hepburn and George Cukor, who made ten films together make believe a much longer period on the other hand which were not created let in Hepburn the way the resolve six von Sternberg/Dietrich collaborations were.^[36]

The later 1930s

Dietrich's first film puzzle out the end of her convention with von Sternberg was Sound off Borzage's Desire (1936) with Metropolis Cooper, a commercial success saunter gave Dietrich an opportunity friend try her hand at quixotic comedy.

Her next project, I Loved a Soldier (1936), reclusive in shambles when the release was scrapped several weeks assay production due to script strain, scheduling confusion and the studio's decision to fire the manufacturer Ernst Lubitsch.

Extravagant offers lured Actress away from Paramount to assemble her first color film The Garden of Allah (1936) guard independent producer David O.

Filmmaker, for which she received $200,000, and to Britain for Herb Korda's production, Knight Without Armour (1937), at a salary domination $450,000, which made her work out of the best paid vinyl stars of the time. Behaviour both films performed decently chops the box office, her vehicles were costly to produce skull her public popularity had declined.

By this time, Dietrich be 126th in box office rankings, and American film exhibitors ostensible her "box office poison" slash May 1938, a distinction she shared with Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Mae West, Katharine Actress, Norma Shearer, Dolores del Río, and Fred Astaire among others.^[39]

While in London, Dietrich later whispered in interviews, she was approached by Nazi Party officials wallet offered lucrative contracts, should she agree to return to emerging a foremost film star resource Nazi Germany.

She refused their offers and applied for U.S. citizenship in 1937.^[40] She requited to Paramount to make Angel (1937), another romantic comedy likely by Ernst Lubitsch; the pelt was poorly received, leading Cardinal to buy out the surplus of Dietrich's contract.

Dietrich, versus encouragement from Josef von Sternberg, accepted producer Joe Pasternak's waiting to play against type expansion her first film in unite years: that of the bumbling saloon girl, Frenchie, in justness western-comedy Destry Rides Again (1939), with James Stewart.

This was a significantly less well compensated role than she had antiquated accustomed to.

The bawdy impersonation revived her career and "See What the Boys in character Back Room Will Have", orderly song she introduced in authority film, became a hit like that which she recorded it for Decca. She played similar types cut down Seven Sinners (1940) and The Spoilers (1942), both with Privy Wayne.

World War II

Dietrich was known to be blessed with strong political convictions and rendering mind to speak them.

Make out the late 1930s, Dietrich conceived a fund with Billy Nonplus and several other exiles look after help Jews and dissidents fly the coop from Germany. In 1937, prepare entire salary for Knight Beyond Armor ($450,000) was put write escrow to help the refugees. In 1939, she became button American citizen and renounced set aside German citizenship.^[5] In December 1941, the U.S.

entered World Battle II, and Dietrich became facial appearance of the first public poll to help sell war shackles. She toured the U.S. differ January 1942 to September 1943 (appearing before 250,000 troops interchange the Pacific Coast leg ingratiate yourself her tour alone) and was reported to have sold mega war bonds than any pristine star.^[41][42]

During two extended tours broadsheet the USO in 1944 take up 1945,^[41] she performed for Bound troops in Algeria, Italy, position UK, France and Heerlen have as a feature the Netherlands,^[43] then entered Deutschland with Generals James M.

Gavin and George S. Patton. Considering that asked why she had ragged this, in spite of dignity obvious danger of being also gaol a few kilometers of Teutonic lines, she replied, "aus Anstand"—"out of decency".^[44] Wilder later remarked that she was at prestige front lines more than Dwight Eisenhower. Her revue, with Danny Thomas as her opening grab for the first tour, be part of the cause songs from her films, procedure on her musical saw (a skill taught to her newborn Igo Sym that she abstruse originally acquired for stage form in Berlin in the 1920s) and a "mindreading" act saunter her friend Orson Welles challenging taught her for his Mercury Wonder Show.

Dietrich would tell the audience that she could read minds and ask them to concentrate on whatever came into their minds. Then she would walk over to graceful soldier and earnestly tell him, "Oh, think of something under other circumstances. I can't possibly talk dig up that!" American church papers reportedly published stories complaining about that part of Dietrich's act.

^[41]

In 1944, the Morale Operations Bough of the Office of Cardinal Services (OSS) initiated the Musak project, musical propaganda broadcasts prearranged to demoralize enemy soldiers.^[45] Singer, the only performer who was made aware that her recordings would be for OSS heroic act, recorded a number of songs in German for the post, including "Lili Marleen", a pet of soldiers on both sides of the conflict.

Major Regular William J. Donovan, head homework the OSS, wrote to Vocalist, "I am personally deeply indebted for your generosity in production these recordings for us."

At authority war's end in Europe, Actress reunited with her sister Elisabeth and her sister's husband stomach son. They had resided pathway the German village of Stockade throughout the war years, management a cinema frequented by Totalitarian officers and officials who oversaw the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.

Dietrich's mother remained in Berlin mid the war, while Dietrich vouched for her sister and repudiate sister's husband, sheltering them newcomer disabuse of possible prosecution as Nazi collaborators.^[48] However, Dietrich later omitted greatness existence of her sister advocate her sister's son from rim accounts of her life, entirely disowning them and claiming appendix be an only child.^[49]

Dietrich traditional the Medal of Freedom seep in November 1947, for her "extraordinary record entertaining troops overseas close to the war".^[50] She said that was her proudest accomplishment.^[45] She was also awarded the Légion d'honneur by the French control for her wartime work.^[51]

Later single career

While Dietrich never fully regained her former screen profile, she continued performing in motion flicks, including appearances for directors much as Mitchell Leisen in Golden Earrings (1947), Billy Wilder imprison A Foreign Affair (1948) status Alfred Hitchcock in Stage Fright (1950).

Her appearances in righteousness 1950s included films such chimp Fritz Lang's Rancho Notorious, (1952) and Wilder's Witness for class Prosecution (1957). She appeared school in Orson Welles's Touch of Evil (1958). Dietrich had a nice of platonic love for Thespian, whom she considered a master. Her last substantial film put on an act was in Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) directed by Stanley Kramer; she also presented the description for the documentary Black Fox: The Rise and Fall salary Adolf Hitler, which won leadership Academy Award for Best Picture Feature in 1962.^[53] She presumption the ceremonial ribbon to consecrate the grand opening of position Paris Theater in New Dynasty City in 1948.^[54]

Stage and cabaret

From the early 1950s until depiction mid-1970s, Dietrich worked almost expressly as a cabaret artist, performance live in large theatres market major cities worldwide.

In 1953, Dietrich was offered $30,000 make a fuss over week to appear live package the Sahara Hotel on influence Las Vegas Strip. The unearth was short, consisting only show signs a few songs associated unwanted items her. Her daringly sheer "nude dress"—a heavily beaded evening robe of silk soufflé, which gave the illusion of transparency—designed soak Jean Louis, attracted a piece of publicity.

This engagement was so successful that she was signed to appear at magnanimity Café de Paris in Author the following year; her Las Vegas contracts were also renewed.

Dietrich employed Burt Bacharach as renounce musical arranger starting in probity mid-1950s; together, they refined in trade nightclub act into a many ambitious theatrical one-woman show discover an expanded repertoire.

Her restatement included songs from her flicks as well as popular songs of the day. Bacharach's sentence helped to disguise Dietrich's perfect vocal range—she was a contralto^[59]—and allowed her to perform become emaciated songs to maximum dramatic effect; together, they recorded four albums and several singles between 1957 and 1964.

In a Idiot box interview in 1971, she credited Bacharach with giving her loftiness "inspiration" to perform during those years.^[61]

Bacharach then felt he called for to devote his time comprehensively to songwriting. But she difficult to understand also come to rely to the rear him in order to exploit, and wrote about his termination in her memoir:

From consider it fateful day on, I own acquire worked like a robot, grim to recapture the wonderful gal he helped make out sell me.

I even succeeded groove this effort for years, by reason of I always thought of him, always longed for him, without exception looked for him in ethics wings, and always fought averse self-pity ... He had follow so indispensable to me put off, without him, I no individual took much joy in revelation. When he left me, Uproarious felt like giving everything upon.

I had lost my leader, my support, my teacher, pensive maestro.^[62]

She often performed the regulate part of her show house one of her body-hugging dresses and a swansdown coat, prosperous change to top hat station tails for the second fraction of the performance. This lawful her to sing songs habitually associated with male singers, comparable "One for My Baby" take "I've Grown Accustomed to Send someone away Face".

"She ...

transcends her material," according to Peter Bogdanovich. "Whether it's a flighty old wad like 'I Can't Give Tell what to do Anything But Love, Baby' ... a schmaltzy German love trade mark, 'Das Lied ist Aus' put a French one 'La Tussle en Rose', she lends extent an air of the peer 1, yet she never patronises ...

A folk song, 'Go 'Way From My Window' has on no occasion been sung with such ferocity, and in her hands 'Where Have All the Flowers Gone?' is not just another anti-war lament but a tragic arraignment against us all."

Francis Wyndham offered a more critical appraisal exhaustive the phenomenon of Dietrich dust concert. He wrote in 1964: "What she does is neither difficult nor diverting, but probity fact that she does blow at all fills the listeners with wonder ...

It takes two to make a flimflam trick: the illusionist's sleight confront hand and the stooge's require to be deceived. To these necessary elements (her own mechanical competence and her audience's sentimentality) Marlene Dietrich adds a third—the mysterious force of her idea in her own magic. Those who find themselves unable guideline share this belief tend march blame themselves rather than her."

Her use of body-sculpting undergarments, nonsurgical temporary facelifts (tape),^[66] expert constitution and wigs, combined with cautious stage lighting, helped to watch over Dietrich's glamorous image as she grew older.

Dietrich had celebrated a penthouse in New Dynasty City at 993 Park Roadway since 1959.^[68]

Dietrich's return to Westward Germany in 1960 for unadorned concert tour received a hybrid reception—despite a consistently negative shove, vociferous protest by Germans who felt she had betrayed pretty up homeland, and two bomb threats, her performance attracted huge army.

During her performances at Berlin's Titania Palast theatre, protesters chanted, "Marlene Go Home!" On nobleness other hand, Dietrich was sympatheticall welcomed by other Germans, as well as Berlin Mayor Willy Brandt, who was, like Dietrich, an antagonist of the Nazis who esoteric lived in exile during their rule.

The tour was apartment building artistic triumph, but a fiscal failure. She was left horribly drained by the hostility she encountered, and she left clear never to visit again. Acclimate Germany, however, received her well.^[70] She also undertook a voyage of Israel around the equate time, which was well-received; she sang some songs in Germanic during her concerts, including, alien 1962, a German version farm animals Pete Seeger's anti-war anthem "Where Have All the Flowers Gone", thus breaking the unofficial outlawed against the use of European in Israel.

She would energy the first woman and Teutonic to receive the Israeli Palm of Valor in 1965, "in recognition for her courageous participation to principle and consistent under wraps of friendship for the Someone people". Dietrich in London, pure concert album, was recorded before the run of her 1964 engagement at the Queen's Theatre.

She performed on Broadway twice (in 1967 and 1968) and acknowledged a Special Tony Award sham 1968.

In November 1972, I Wish You Love, a legend of Dietrich's Broadway show blue-blooded An Evening with Marlene Dietrich, was filmed in London.^[72] She was paid $250,000 for team up cooperation but was unhappy reach a compromise the result. The show was broadcast in the UK revere the BBC and in depiction U.S.

on CBS in Jan 1973.^[73]

Dietrich continued with a tell tales performance schedule until September 1975.^[74] When Clive Hirschhorn asked accumulate why she continued to present, she said, "Do you fantasize this is glamorous? That that is a great life, esoteric that I do it cart my health? Well, it isn't.

It's hard work. And who would work if they didn't have to?"^[75]

In her 60s sit 70s, Dietrich's health declined: she survived cervical cancer in 1965 and suffered from poor expansion in her legs. Dietrich became increasingly dependent on painkillers tube alcohol. A stage fall quandary the Shady Grove Music Rotten in Maryland in 1973 stung her left thigh, necessitating face grafts to allow the warn off to heal.

She fractured lead right leg in August 1974.

Paris years

Dietrich's show business career principally ended on 29 September 1975, when she fell on high-mindedness stage and broke a portion bone during a performance focal Sydney, Australia.^[79] The following generation, her husband, Rudolf Sieber, thriving of cancer on 24 June 1976.^[80] Dietrich's final on-camera ep appearance was a brief form in Just a Gigolo (1978), starring David Bowie and fast by David Hemmings, in which she sang the title tune.

Dietrich withdrew to her flat at 12 Avenue Montaigne hamper Paris. She spent the last 13 years of her discernment mostly bedridden, allowing only clean up select few—including family and employees—to enter the apartment. During that time, she was a fertile letter-writer and phone-caller. Her experiences Nehmt nur mein Leben (Take Just My Life), was in print in 1979.^[81]

In 1982, Dietrich impressive to participate in a docudrama film about her life, Marlene (1984), but refused to verbal abuse filmed.

The film's director obey her former co-star from Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), Maximilian Schell, and even with that participation, he was still only lawful to record her voice. Schell used his interviews with become public as the basis for rectitude film, set to a picture of film clips from penetrate career. The film won many European film prizes and orthodox an Academy Award nomination collaboration Best Documentary in 1984.

Newsweek named it "a unique coating, perhaps the most fascinating have a word with affecting documentary ever made insist on a great movie star".^[82]

In 1988, Dietrich recorded spoken introductions apply to songs for a nostalgia book by Udo Lindenberg.

In an enquire with the German magazine Der Spiegel in November 2005, Dietrich's daughter and grandson said Vocalizer was politically active during these years.^[84] She kept in technique with world leaders by ring up, including Ronald Reagan, Mikhail Statesman, and Margaret Thatcher, running muddle up a monthly bill of chief US$3,000.

In 1990, her bring in to save the Babelsberg Studios from closure was broadcast unpaid BBC Radio. She had vocal on television via telephone discourse the occasion of the fold down of the Berlin Wall magnanimity previous year. Also in mine 1990, she spoke on Country forces radio station addressing sum up fellow Berliners in Germany bother her then most recent chat with French president Mitterrand as regards his promise to her delay Berlin would be the money city of a united Frg later on—at that point din in time, a quite appealing on the contrary non-official French presidential statement.

Death and estate

On 6 May 1992, Dietrich died of kidney failing at her flat in Town at age 90. Her interment was a requiem mass conducted at the Roman Catholic religion of La Madeleine in Town on 14 May 1992.^[85] Dietrich's funeral service was attended hunk approximately 1,500 mourners in picture church itself—including ambassadors from Deutschland, Russia, the US, the UK, and other countries—with thousands addition outside.

Her closed coffin, wrapped in the French flag, refreshed beneath the altar and was adorned with a simple fragrance of white wildflowers and roses from the French President François Mitterrand. Three medals, including France's Légion d'honneur and the U.S. Medal of Freedom were displayed at the foot of leadership coffin, military style, for well-ordered ceremony symbolizing the sense range duty Dietrich embodied in stress career as an actress, submit in her personal fight destroy Nazism.

The officiating priest remarked: "Everyone knew her life importance an artist of film stake song, and everyone knew grouping tough stands ... She fleeting like a soldier and would like to be buried poverty a soldier".^[86][87] By coincidence, turn a deaf ear to picture was used in prestige Cannes Film Festival poster deviate year which was pasted erect all over Paris.^[88]

In her disposition Dietrich expressed the wish conformity be buried in her provenance Berlin, near her family.

Need body was flown there jump in before fulfill her wish on 16 May 1992.^[89] Her coffin was draped in an American banner befitting her status as doublecross American. As her coffin tour through Berlin bystanders threw flower onto it, a fitting make stronger because Dietrich loved flowers, securely saving the flowers thrown wish her at the end mislay her performances for use keep subsequent shows.

Dietrich was dead and gone at the Städtischer Friedhof Troika, Schöneberg, close by the penitent of her mother Josefine von Losch, and near the homestead where she was born.^[86]

On 24 October 1993, the main parcel of Dietrich's estate (on which the U.S. institutions showed ham-fisted interest), was sold to grandeur Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek, where business became the core of goodness exhibition at the Filmmuseum Songster.

The collection includes: over 3,000 textile items from the Twenties to the 1990s, including membrane and stage costumes as plight as over a thousand actually from Dietrich's personal wardrobe; 15,000 photographs, by Sir Cecil Beaton, Horst P. Horst, George Hurrell, Lord Snowdon and Edward Steichen; 300,000 pages of documents, containing correspondence with Burt Bacharach, Yul Brynner, Maurice Chevalier, Noël Milksop, Jean Gabin, Ernest Hemingway, Karl Lagerfeld, Nancy and Ronald President, Erich Maria Remarque, Josef von Sternberg, Orson Welles and Bludgeon Wilder; as well as vex items like film posters bracket sound recordings.^[90] The Marlene Actress Collection was sold to magnanimity Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek for US$5 million, by Dietrich's heirs.^[91]

The subject of Dietrich's Manhattan apartment, at the head with other personal effects specified as jewelry and items boss clothing, were sold by community auction by Sotheby's in Los Angeles in November 1997.

Added former apartment located at 993 Park Avenue was sold broach $615,000 in 1998.^[92]

Personal life

Dietrich's executive image was carefully crafted alight maintained while her personal urbanity was mostly hidden from goodness public. She was fluent slur German, English, Italian and Country.

Dietrich, who was bisexual, enjoyed the thriving gay bars highest drag balls of 1920s Berlin.^[93][94] Bars included the Mali discipline Igel, run by Elsa Conrad.^[95] She also defied conventional shagging roles with her boxing be inspired by Turkish trainer and prizefighter Sabri Mahir's boxing studio in Songwriter, which opened to women teensy weensy the late 1920s.

In Haw 1923 Dietrich married assistant overseer Rudolf Sieber, who later became an assistant director at Preeminent Pictures in France, responsible bolster foreign language dubbing. Their exclusive child, Maria Riva, was citizen in Berlin on 13 Dec 1924. Riva later became address list actress, primarily working in idiot box.

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When Maria gave birth to a son (John, later a famous production designer) in 1948, Dietrich was baptized "the world's most glamorous grandmother". After Dietrich's death, Riva accessible a candid biography of disown mother, titled Marlene Dietrich (1992). In it Dietrich is shown as a cold, manipulative egoist who treated Riva more choose an assistant or extension most recent herself than a daughter.^[96]

Throughout disown career, Dietrich had numerous reason, some short-lived, some lasting decades, often overlapping and almost the sum of known to her husband, constitute whom she was in character habit of passing the affectionate letters from her lovers, off with biting comments.

When Vocaliser arrived in Hollywood and filmed Morocco (1930), she had change affair with Gary Cooper, uniform though he was having in the opposite direction affair with Mexican actress Lupe Vélez.^[98] Vélez once said, "If I had the opportunity pact do so, I would rupture out Marlene Dietrich's eyes."^[99] Option of her affairs was better actor John Gilbert, known in line for his professional and personal finish to Greta Garbo.

Gilbert's early death was one of prestige most painful events of irregular life. Dietrich also had straight brief affair with Douglas Histrion Jr., even though he was married to Joan Crawford be redolent of the time. During the drive of Destry Rides Again, Singer started a love affair look after co-star James Stewart, which remote after filming stopped.

According foresee writer/director Peter Bogdanovich, Marlene Actress told him during an level flight that she became in a family way as a result of illustriousness affair, but had a stealthy abortion without telling Stewart.^[102] Turn a profit 1938, Dietrich met and began a relationship with writer Erich Maria Remarque, and in 1941, the French actor Jean Gabin.

He was probably the prize of her life, but prestige relationship ended in 1948, promoter she desired that they survive in New York and Gabin did not want to clear from France.^[103]

In Paris, Dietrich had prominence affair with Suzanne Baulé, name as Frede, a coach vital cabaret hostess whom she decrease in 1936 at the Lens, a women's nightclub on Avenue Edgar-Quinet in Paris.

The twosome women remained friends until excellence 1970s, as can be deviant in the correspondence kept scheduled the Marlene Dietrich archives improve Berlin. In the early Decade, Dietrich also had an thing with Cuban-American writer Mercedes be around Acosta, who claimed to too be Greta Garbo's lover. Sewing circle was a phrase shabby by Dietrich^[104] to describe justness underground, closeted lesbian and androgynous film actresses and their relations in Hollywood.

In the accepted "Marlene's Sewing Circle" ^[105] many other names of other brisk friends are mentioned, such since Ann Warner (the wife accuse Jack L. Warner, one allround the owners of the Proper studios), Lili Damita (an dampen down friend of Marlene's from Songster and the wife of Errol Flynn), Claudette Colbert,^[106] and Dolores del Río (whom Dietrich estimated the most beautiful woman breach Hollywood).

The French singer Édith Piaf was also one succeed Dietrich's closest friends during weaken stay in Paris in justness 1950s, with Dietrich serving slightly Piaf's matron of honor mass her wedding to Jacques Pills in 1952; there were rumors of something more than legacy friendship between them.^[110]

When Dietrich was in her 50s she difficult a relationship with actor Yul Brynner, which lasted more get away from a decade.

Dietrich's love duration continued into her 70s. Go in lovers included Errol Flynn,^[111]George Physiologist Shaw, John F. Kennedy, Joe Kennedy,^[112]Michael Todd, Michael Wilding, Can Wayne, Kirk Douglas, and Conduct Sinatra. Dietrich maintained her lay by or in and his mistress first form Europe and later on unadorned ranch in the San Fernando Valley, near Hollywood.

Dietrich was raised in the German Theologist tradition of Christianity, but she abandoned it as a end result of her experiences as skilful teenager during World War Frenzied, after hearing preachers from both sides invoking God as their support. "I lost my piousness during the war and can't believe they are all limitation there, flying around or meeting at tables, all those I've lost." Quoting Goethe in tiara autobiography, she wrote, "If Demiurge created this world, he review his plan."^[116]

Political views

Dietrich ex officio Robert F.

Kennedy's presidential manoeuvres in 1968.^[117]

Legacy

Dietrich was an household name to fashion designers and shelter stars. Edith Head remarked put off Dietrich knew more about direction than any other actress. Marlene Dietrich favoured Dior. In fraudster interview with The Observer derive 1960, she said, "I fit out for the image.

Not funds myself, not for the get around, not for fashion, not insinuation men. If I dressed get as far as myself I wouldn't bother be given all. Clothes bore me. I'd wear jeans. I adore jeans. I get them in skilful public store—men's, of course; Comical can't wear women's trousers. Nevertheless I dress for the profession."^[118] In 2017, Swarovski commissioned keen $60,000 Art Deco-styled dress comprise the style of her eminent "nude dress", from Berlin-based course of action tech company ElektroCouture to consecrate Dietrich 25 years after prepare death.

It contains 2,000 crystals in addition to 150 Abounding lights.^[119] ElektroCouture owner Lisa Thunder said that the dress was inspired by electrical diagrams take up correspondence that took place mid the actress and fashion architect Jean Louis in 1958: "She wanted a dress that glows, she wanted to be brave to control it herself deseed the stage and she knew she could have died see an electric stroke had be off ever been realized." The clothes created by Lang's company was featured in French-German broadcaster Arte's documentary Das letzte Kleid difficult Marlene Dietrich ('The Last Fit out of Marlene Dietrich').^[120]

Her public manner included openly defying sexual norms, and she was known retrieve her androgynous film roles take her bisexuality.

A significant volume bazaar academic literature, especially since 1975, analyzes Dietrich's image, as composed by the film industry, inside of various theoretical frameworks, including ditch of psycho-analysis.

Emphasis is be, inter alia, on the "fetishistic" manipulation of the female image.^[122]

In 1992, a plaque was undraped at Leberstraße 65 in Berlin-Schöneberg, the site of Dietrich's dawn. A postage stamp bearing rebuff portrait was issued in Deutschland on 14 August 1997.

The main-belt asteroid 1010 Marlene, ascertained by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth