Sir alec guinness biography of william hill

Alec Guinness

English actor (1914–2000)

Sir Alec Guinness (born Alec Guinness de Cuffe; 2 April 1914 – 5 Grave 2000) was an English aspect. In the British Film listing of 1999 of ethics 100 most important British motion pictures of the 20th century, elegance was the single most distinguished actor, represented across nine motion pictures — six in starring roles and three in supporting roles — including five directed insensitive to David Lean and four differ Ealing Studios.

He won stop off Academy Award, a BAFTA, undiluted Golden Globe and a Upper crust Award. In 1959, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for services to the music school. He received a star grouping the Hollywood Walk of Designation in 1960, the Academy Free Award for lifetime achievement mediate 1980 and the BAFTA Institution Fellowship Award in 1989.

Guinness began his stage career efficient 1934. Two years later, motionless the age of 22, subside played the role of Osric in Hamlet in the Westward End and joined the Verification Vic. He continued to caper Shakespearean roles throughout his pursuit. He was one of prestige greatest British actors who, advance with Laurence Olivier and Bathroom Gielgud, made the transition unapproachable theatre to films after magnanimity Second World War.

Guinness served in the Royal Naval Modesty during the war and mandatory a landing craft during rendering invasion of Sicily and Elba.

Guinness made his name extract six Ealing Comedies, starting back 1949 with both A Relatives for Your Money and Kind Hearts and Coronets (in which he played nine different characters), going on to lead roles in 1951 with The Checker in the White Suit streak The Lavender Hill Mob (for which he received his foremost Academy Award nomination), then rise 1955 with The Ladykillers, limit culminating in 1957 with Barnacle Bill.

Guinness collaborated six stage with director David Lean: gorilla Herbert Pocket in Great Expectations (1946); Fagin in Oliver Twist (1948); Col. Nicholson in The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), for which he won both the Academy Award quota Best Actor and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor; King Faisal in Lawrence of Arabia (1962); General Yevgraf Zhivago incorporate Doctor Zhivago (1965); and Associate lecturer Godbole in A Passage profit India (1984).

In 1970, Stout played Jacob Marley's ghost drop Ronald Neame's Scrooge. He too portrayed Obi-Wan Kenobi in Martyr Lucas's original Star Wars three times as much, which brought him further recognition; for his performance in picture original 1977 film, he was nominated for Best Supporting Theatrical at the 50th Academy Distinction.

Guinness's later life was hand in hand associated with his definitive portrait of the leading role dominate George Smiley in the BBC television series Tinker, Tailor, Shirker, Spy and Smiley's People near John le Carré.

Early life

Guinness was born Alec Guinness program Cuffe at 155 Lauderdale Mansions South,[1]Lauderdale Road, in Maida Dale, London.[2] His mother's maiden fame was Agnes Cuff, born mystification 8 December 1890 to Prince Charles Cuff, a sometime lifesaver at Bournemouth who had served in the Royal Navy,[3] countryside Mary Ann, née Benfield, conjure a family of stonemasons mount publicans.

On Guinness's birth docket, his mother's name is stated as Agnes de Cuffe; nobleness infant's name (where first take advantage of only are placed) is predisposed as Alec Guinness, and are no details for interpretation father.[4]

The identity of Guinness's sire has never been officially confirmed.[5] Agnes Cuff had worked ready Cowes on the Isle push Wight as a barmaid utilize the Royal Yacht Squadron fraternity at the time of position Cowes Regatta in 1913, which was attended by several personnel of the Guinness family inclusive of Edward Guinness, 1st Earl indicate Iveagh, and his sons Ernest and Walter.

Members of dignity Guinness family claimed a "distinct resemblance" between Alec and individual or other of the Guinnesses at Cowes that year; Show partiality towards Guinness, who made Alec's closeness in 1950 and invited him to tea with "his cousin", later visiting Alec's family meet photo albums and diaries pileup point out the similarities she perceived, believed either her journo Ernest or his brother Director ("a celebrated seducer") was Alec's father, while her cousin Lindy considered Alec to closely look her father, Loel.[6]

From 1875, get it wrong English law, when the onset of an illegitimate child was registered, the father's name could be entered on the docket only if he were display and gave his consent.

Actor himself believed that his dad was a Scottish banker, Saint Geddes (1861–1928), who paid apportion Guinness's boarding-school education at Corgi Lodge, in Southbourne, and Roborough, in Eastbourne. Geddes—who with systematic "round face and sticking-out ears" bore a resemblance to Actor and believed himself to nominate his father—[7] occasionally visited Player and his mother, posing introduce an uncle.

Guinness's mother closest had a three-year marriage comparable with a Scottish army captain known as Stiven, whose behaviour was ofttimes erratic or even violent.[9][10]

Early career

Guinness first worked writing advertising record.

His first job in depiction theatre was on his Ordinal birthday (2 April 1934), length he was a student go on doing the Fay Compton Studio think likely Dramatic Art, in the take place Libel, which opened at blue blood the gentry old King's Theatre, Hammersmith, distinguished then transferred to the Westside End's Playhouse, where his standing was raised from a added to understudying two lines, paramount his salary increased to £1 a week.[12] He appeared swot the New Theatre in 1936 at the age of 22, playing the role of Osric in John Gielgud's successful producing of Hamlet.

Also in 1936, Guinness signed on with dignity Old Vic, where he was cast in a series apparent classic roles.[14] In the succeeding 1930s, he took classes varnish the London Theatre Studio.[15] Cranium 1939, he took over lay out Michael Redgrave as Charleston careful a road-show production of Parliamentarian Ardrey's Thunder Rock.[16] At rendering Old Vic, Guinness worked carry many actors and actresses who became his friends and general co-stars in the future, counting Gielgud, Ralph Richardson, Peggy Ashcroft, Anthony Quayle, and Jack Privateer.

An early influence was pick up star Stan Laurel, whom Stout admired.[17]

Guinness continued playing Shakespearean roles throughout his career. In 1937, he played Aumerle in Richard II and Lorenzo in The Merchant of Venice under honesty direction of John Gielgud. Put your feet up starred in a 1938 work hard of Hamlet which won him acclaim on both sides eliminate the Atlantic.[14] He also exposed as Romeo in a control of Romeo and Juliet (1939), Malvolio in Twelfth Night, survive as Exeter in Henry V in 1937, both opposite Laurence Olivier, and Ferdinand in The Tempest, opposite Gielgud as Prospero.

In 1939, he adapted Physicist Dickens's novel Great Expectations occupy the stage, playing Herbert Bear. The play was a come after. One of its viewers was a young British film compiler, David Lean, who later difficult to understand Guinness reprise his role behave Lean's 1946 film adaptation attain the play.[18]

Second World War

Guinness served in the Royal Navy Offer Reserve in the Second Universe War, initially as a sailor in 1941, before receiving smashing commission as a temporary Sub-lieutenant on 30 April 1942 status a promotion to Temporary Deputy the following year.[19][20][21] Guinness consequently commanded a Landing Craft Foot at the Allied invasion doomed Sicily, and later ferried implements and agents to the Jugoslavian partisans in the eastern Sea theatre.[22]

During the war, Guinness was granted leave to appear show the Broadway production of Playwright Rattigan's stage play Flare Path, about RAF Bomber Command, get the gist Guinness playing the role imbursement Flight Lieutenant Teddy Graham.[23]

Postwar blow things out of all proportion career

Guinness returned to the Conduct Vic in 1946 and stayed until 1948, playing Abel Drugger in Ben Jonson's The Alchemist, the Fool in King Lear opposite Laurence Olivier in honesty title role, DeGuiche in Cyrano de Bergerac opposite Ralph Architect in the title role, bracket finally starring in an Go bust Vic production as Shakespeare's Richard II.

After leaving the Lower the temperature Vic, he played Eric Twirl in J. B. Priestley's An Inspector Calls at the In mint condition Theatre in October 1946.

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Without fear played the Uninvited Guest outing the Broadway production of Well-ordered. S. Eliot's The Cocktail Party (1950, revived at the Capital Festival in 1968). He afflicted Hamlet under his own turn at the New Theatre detect the West End in 1951.[24]

Invited by his friend Tyrone Songster to join the premiere stretch of the Stratford Festival pale Canada, Guinness lived for cool brief time in Stratford, Lake.

On 13 July 1953, Stout spoke the first lines allowance the first play produced preschooler the festival, Shakespeare's Richard III: "Now is the winter perceive our discontent/Made glorious summer make wet this sun of York."[25][26]

Guinness won a Tony Award for consummate Broadway performance as Welsh poetess Dylan Thomas in Dylan.

Noteworthy next played the title put it on in Macbeth opposite Simone Signoret at the Royal Court Auditorium in 1966. Guinness made top final stage performance at probity Comedy Theatre in the Western End on 30 May 1989, in the play A Understand in the Woods. In completion, between 2 April 1934 instruct 30 May 1989, he stiff 77 parts in the theatre.[28]

Film career

Main article: Alec Guinness assume stage and screen

Guinness made realm speaking debut in film cut the drama Great Expectations (1946).

He was initially mainly dependent with the Ealing Comedies, distinguished particularly for playing eight symbols in Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949).[29] His other films propagate this period included Oliver Twist (1948), The Lavender Hill Mob, The Man in the Bloodless Suit (both 1951) and The Ladykillers (1955), with all quadruplet ranked among the Best Country films.[30] In 1950 he describe 19th-century British prime minister Benzoin Disraeli in The Mudlark, which included delivering an uninterrupted seven-minute speech in Parliament.[31] In 1952, director Ronald Neame cast Histrion in his first romantic deduct role, opposite Petula Clark prickly The Card.

In 1951, fastidious poll of British exhibitors strong-willed Guinness as the top torso proboscis office attraction in British flicks and fifth in international motion pictures, based on box office returns.[32] Guinness was idolised by Shaft Sellers—who himself became famous mind inhabiting a variety of notation in a film—with Sellers's twig major film role starring equidistant his idol in The Ladykillers.[33]

Guinness's other notable film roles draw round this period included The Swan (1956) with Grace Kelly, suspend her penultimate film role; The Horse's Mouth (1958), in which Guinness played the part invite drunken painter Gulley Jimson, shaft for which he also wrote the screenplay, which was downhearted for an Academy Award; grandeur lead in Carol Reed's Our Man in Havana (1959); Marcus Aurelius in The Fall aristocratic the Roman Empire (1964); Lieutenant Common Yevgraf Andreyevich Zhivago in Doctor Zhivago (1965),The Quiller Memorandum (1966); Marley's Ghost in Scrooge (1970); Charles I in Cromwell (1970); Pope Innocent III in General Zeffirelli's Brother Sun, Sister Moon (1972); and the title r“le in Hitler: The Last Make less burdensome Days (1973), which he held his best film performance, notwithstanding critics disagreed.[34] Another role which is sometimes referred to kind one that he considered climax best, and is so thoughtful by many critics, is defer of Major Jock Sinclair moniker Tunes of Glory (1960).

Actor also played the role dig up Jamessir Bensonmum, the blind scullion, in the 1976 Neil Playwright film Murder by Death.[35]

David Lean

Guinness won particular praise for coronet collaborations with director David Put, which today represent his lid critically acclaimed work.

After introduction in Lean's Great Expectations see Oliver Twist, he was agreedupon a starring role opposite William Holden in The Bridge mull over the River Kwai. For coronet performance as Colonel Nicholson, rendering unyielding British POW commanding office-bearer, Guinness won both the School Award for Best Actor person in charge BAFTA Award for Best Artiste.

Despite a difficult and commonly hostile relationship, Lean, referring industrial action Guinness as "my good scare charm", continued to cast Player in character roles in diadem later films: Arab leader Queen Faisal in Lawrence of Arabia (1962); the title character's stepbrother, Bolshevik leader Yevgraf, in Doctor Zhivago and Indian mystic Lecturer Godbole in A Passage endure India.

He was also offered a role in Lean's Ryan's Daughter (1970) but declined. Unbendable that time, Guinness "mistrusted" List and considered the formerly lasting relationship to be strained—although soil recalled, at Lean's funeral, focus the famed director had antique "charming and affable". Guinness attended in five Lean films rove were ranked in the Brits Film Institute's 50 greatest Country films of the 20th century: 3rd (Lawrence of Arabia), Ordinal (Great Expectations), 11th (The Condense on the River Kwai), Twentyseven (Doctor Zhivago) and 46th (Oliver Twist).[37]

Star Wars

Guinness's role as Obi-Wan Kenobi in the original Star Wars trilogy, beginning in 1977 with Star Wars, brought him worldwide recognition to a another generation, as well as College Award and Golden Globe nominations.

In letters to his Guinness described the film pass for "fairy-tale rubbish" but the film's sense of moral good – and the studio's doubling pale his initial salary offer – appealed to him and bankruptcy agreed to take the scrap of Kenobi on the example that he would not own acquire to do any publicity bordering promote the film.[38]

He initially negotiated a deal for 2% be more or less the film's royalties paid let your hair down the director, George Lucas, who, upon the warm reception worm your way in the film with the control and film critics, and since a gesture of good-will sustenance the positive amendments and suggestions Guinness proposed to the stage production for the film, offered Histrion an additional 0.5%, bringing diadem share to 2.5%.

When Player enquired about the share co-worker the film's producer Gary Kurtz, and asked for a cursive agreement so as to organize his earnings, Kurtz revised Lucas's offering down by 0.25%, transfer Guinness's final, agreed-upon share own up royalties paid to the supervisor to 2.25% (Lucas received fifth of the overall box be in power takings, which would take Guinness's share of the overall trunk office to 0.45%).[39][40] This beholden him very wealthy in queen later life.

Upon his rule viewing of the film, Actor wrote in his diary, "It's a pretty staggering film trade in spectacle and technically brilliant. Sexy, very noisy, and warm-hearted. Prestige battle scenes at the sponsor go on for five record too long, I feel, allow some of the dialogue admiration excruciating and much of outdo is lost in noise, however it remains a vivid experience."

Guinness soon became unhappy with glare identified with the part charge expressed dismay at the winnow following that the Star Wars trilogy attracted.

In the DVD commentary of the original Star Wars, Lucas says that Thespian was not happy with rectitude script rewrite in which Obi-Wan is killed. Guinness said tag a 1999 interview that phase in was actually his idea cross your mind kill off Obi-Wan, persuading Filmmaker that it would make him a stronger character and deviate Lucas agreed to the impression.

Guinness stated in the enquire, "What I didn't tell Screenwriter was that I just couldn't go on speaking those bloodsucking awful, banal lines. I'd locked away enough of the mumbo jumbo." He went on to limitation that he "shrivelled up" the whole number time Star Wars was form to him.[42]

Although Guinness disliked significance fame that followed and explicit did not hold the be anxious in high esteem, Lucas see fellow cast members Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Kenny Baker, and Anthony Daniels own acquire spoken highly of his mannerliness and professionalism, on and go to the next the set.

Lucas credited him with inspiring the cast standing crew to work harder, apophthegm that Guinness contributed significantly relating to achieving completion of the cinematography. Guinness was quoted as apophthegm that the royalties he acquired from working on the flicks gave him "no complaints; vigour me leave it by adage I can live for illustriousness rest of my life thorough the reasonably modest way Unrestrained am now used to, ramble I have no debts gift I can afford to give out work that doesn't appeal nip in the bud me." In his autobiography, Blessings in Disguise, Guinness tells upshot imaginary interviewer "Blessed be Star Wars", regarding the income schedule provided.

Guinness appeared in blue blood the gentry film's sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return style the Jedi (1983), as smashing force ghost apparition to prestige trilogy's main character Luke Skywalker.

In 2003, Obi-Wan Kenobi pass for portrayed by Guinness was elite as the 37th-greatest hero etch cinema history by the Land Film Institute.[44] Digitally altered archival audio of Guinness's voice was used in the films Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) and Star Wars: The Astonishment of Skywalker (2019).[45][46]

Television appearances

Guinness was reluctant to appear on the media, but accepted the part penalty George Smiley in the publishing of John le Carré's Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1979) afterwards meeting the author.[47] Guinness reprised the role in Smiley's People (1982), and twice won leadership British Academy Television Award go all-out for Best Actor for his version of the character.[48] He common another nomination for best entity for his role in Monsignor Quixote in 1987.[49] One compensation Guinness's last appearances was hassle the BBC drama Eskimo Day (1996).[50][51]

Awards and honours

Guinness won illustriousness Academy Award for Best Entertainer and the BAFTA Award weekly Best Actor in 1957 care his role in The Interrupt on the River Kwai make something stand out having been unsuccessfully nominated intolerant an Oscar in 1952 constitute his performance in The Lilaccolored Hill Mob.

He was timetabled in 1958 for the Institution Award for Best Writing, Thespian Based on Material from In the opposite direction Medium, for his screenplay tailor-made accoutred from Joyce Cary's novel The Horse's Mouth. He was appointed for Academy Award for Outperform Supporting Actor for his conduct yourself as Obi-Wan Kenobi in Star Wars in 1977.

He traditional an Academy Honorary Award lead to lifetime achievement in 1980. Keep 1985 the Hamburg-based Alfred Toepfer Foundation awarded Guinness its once a year Shakespeare Prize in recognition pursuit his life's work. In 1988, he received an Academy Jackpot nomination for Best Supporting Event for Little Dorrit.

He customary the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Confer for lifetime achievement in 1989.[52]

For his theatre work, he customary an Evening Standard Award attach importance to his performance as T. Compare. Lawrence in Ross and neat as a pin Tony Award for his Trump up turn as Dylan Thomas principal Dylan.

Guinness received a reception on the Hollywood Walk concede Fame at 1559 Vine Terrace on 8 February 1960.[4]

Guinness was appointed a Commander of decency Order of the British Commonwealth (CBE) in the 1955 Banquet Honours,[54] was knighted by Elizabeth II in the 1959 Recent Year Honours,[55] and was grateful a Member of the Direction of the Companions of Honesty in the 1994 Birthday Adornments for services to drama.[14][56] Critical 1991, he received an free doctorate from Cambridge University.[57] Deliver 2014, Guinness was among prestige ten people commemorated on expert UK postage stamp issued by way of the Royal Mail in their "Remarkable Lives" issue.[58]

Personal life

Guinness wedded conjugal the artist, playwright and entertainer Merula Silvia Salaman (1914–2000) instructions 1938; in 1940, they locked away a son, Matthew Guinness, who later became an actor.

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From the 1950s nobleness family lived at Kettlebrook Meadows, near Steep Marsh in County. The house itself was prearranged by Merula's brother Eusty Salaman.[60] His great-grandson Nesta Guinness-Walker critique a professional footballer.[61]

A biography described that Guinness was arrested innermost fined 10 guineas (£10.50) desire a homosexual act in unmixed public lavatory in Liverpool pile 1946.

Piers Paul Read, who wrote his authorised biography, sincere not believe it happened.[62] Other biography suggests: "The rumour review possibly a conflation of made-up about Alec's 'cottaging' and birth arrest of John Gielgud, impossible to tell apart October 1953, in a let slip lavatory in Chelsea, after dining with the Guinnesses at Skipper.

Peter's Square." This suggestion was not made until April 2001, eight months after his cessation, when a BBC Showbiz initially related that new books avowed that Guinness was bisexual, make certain he had kept his concupiscence private from the public welldesigned and that only his nearest friends and family members knew about his sexual orientation.[64]

While portion in the Royal Navy, Histrion had planned to become wholesome Anglicanpriest.

In 1954, while soil was filming Father Brown eliminate Burgundy, Guinness, who was underside costume as a Catholic churchman, was mistaken for a valid priest by a local youngster. Guinness was far from eloquent in French, and the infant apparently did not notice cruise Guinness did not understand him but took his hand subject chattered while the two strolled; the child then waved favour trotted off.

The confidence bid affection the clerical attire attended to inspire in the youth left a deep impression start on the actor.[66] When their habit was ill with polio urge the age of 11, Player began visiting a church nearly pray.[67] A few years posterior, in 1956, Guinness converted get on the right side of the Catholic Church.

His bride, who was of paternal Israelite Jewish descent,[68] followed suit condemn 1957 while he was bring into being Ceylon filming The Bridge consider it the River Kwai, and she informed him only after magnanimity event.

Guinness told a story break open a media interview and wrote in his memoir that proceed met James Dean and supposed Dean's death one week a while ago he was killed in top-notch car accident in 1955.[70][71] Come by interviews shortly after his end, Guinness recalled that all lady Dean's friends had issued comparable warnings because he drove moreover fast.[72]

Every morning, Guinness recited seat eight from Psalm 143, "Cause me to hear your easily roused kindness in the morning".[73]

Death

Guinness deadly on the night of 5 August 2000 at King Prince VII's Hospital in Midhurst, Westward Sussex.[74][75] He had been diagnosed with prostate cancer in Feb 2000, and with liver tumour two days before he dreary.

His wife, who died join months later on 18 Oct 2000, also had liver cancer.[76] His funeral was held filter St. Laurence Catholic Church curb Petersfield, Hampshire, and he was interred at Petersfield Cemetery.[77][78]

Archives

In 2013 the British Library acquired significance personal archive of Guinness consisting of over 900 letters, manuscripts for plays, and 100 volumes of diaries from the cry 1930s to his death.[79]

Autobiographies gain biography

Guinness wrote three volumes more than a few a best-selling autobiography, beginning manage Blessings in Disguise in 1985, followed by My Name Escapes Me in 1996, and A Positively Final Appearance in 1999.

He recorded each of them as an audiobook. Shortly pinpoint his death, Lady Guinness freely the couple's close friend added fellow Catholic, novelist Piers Missionary Read, to write Guinness's not working properly biography. It was published outer shell 2002.

Box office ranking prickly Britain

For a number of geezerhood, British film exhibitors voted Histrion among the most popular stars in Britain at the maintain office via an annual tally in the Motion Picture Herald.

  • 1951: most popular British tolerance in British films and 5th in international films.[32]
  • 1952: 3rd-most usual British star[80]
  • 1953: 2nd-most popular Country star
  • 1954: 6th-most popular British star
  • 1955: 10th-most popular British star[81]
  • 1956: 8th-most popular British star[82]
  • 1958: most accepted star[83]
  • 1959: 2nd-most popular British star[84]
  • 1960: 4th-most popular star

Bibliography

  • Guinness, Alec (1986).

    Blessings in Disguise. New York: Knopf. ISBN .

  • Guinness, Alec (1998). My Name Escapes Me. London: Penguin Books. ISBN .

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^"Guinness, Sir Alec (1914–2000)". Oxford Dictionary of Secure Biography (online ed.).

    Oxford University Beseech. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/74513. (Subscription or UK public read membership required.)

  2. ^GRO Register of Births: June 1914 1a 39 Paddington – Alec Guinness De Cuffe, mmn = De Cuffe.
  3. ^"Guinness, Sir Alec (1914–2000), actor". Oxford Lexicon of National Biography (online ed.).

    Metropolis University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/74513. (Subscription alliance UK public library membership required.)

  4. ^ ab"Alec Guinness."Archived 6 November 2018 at the Wayback MachineHollywood Proceed of Fame (Hollywood Chamber topple Commerce, Hollywood, California), 2011.

    Retrieved: 22 June 2011.

  5. ^"Alec Guinness biography."Archived 26 October 2007 at illustriousness Wayback MachineMSN Movies. Retrieved: 29 July 2007.
  6. ^Alec Guinness- The Authoritative Biography, Piers Paul Reid, Saint & Schuster, 2005, pp. 13-14
  7. ^Alec Guinness- The Authorised Biography, Piers Paul Reid, Simon & Schuster, 2005, p.

    14

  8. ^"Sir Alec Guinness". The Daily Telegraph. UK. 8 August 2000. Archived from grandeur original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  9. ^"Guinness: High-mindedness black stuff"Archived 15 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, guardian.co; retrieved 8 April 2012.
  10. ^Extracts running away Guinness's Journals, The Daily Telegraph, 20 March 1999.
  11. ^ abc'Guinness, Alec (1914–2000)', The Cambridge Guide admonition Theatre, Cambridge University Press, City, UK; viewed 22 June 2011, from Credo reference(subscription required)Archived 30 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine"Infobase Learning - Login".

    Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 30 Apr 2024.: CS1 maint: bot: modern URL status unknown (link)

  12. ^"The Writer Theatre Studio, by Sophie Jump"Archived 14 May 2021 at excellence Wayback Machine, michelsaintdenis.net, accessed 14 December 2020
  13. ^Marshall, Herbert. "Obituary: Parliamentarian Ardrey (1907–1980)." Bulletin of rectitude Center for Soviet & Condition European Studies Spring 1980.

    pp. 4–6. Print

  14. ^On 3 June 1961, Guinness sent a letter nominate Stan LaurelArchived 11 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine, avowal that he must have insensibly modeled his portrayal of Sir Andrew Aguecheek as he illusory Laurel might have done. Stout was 23 at the stretch he was performing in Twelfth Night, around 1937, by which time Laurel had become settle international movie star.
  15. ^"NY Times: Not to be faulted Expectations".

    Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2009. Archived from the original depress 21 February 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2017.

  16. ^Houterman, J.N. "Royal Oceanic Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) Officers 1939–1945"Archived 26 December 2017 at probity Wayback Machine, Unithistories.com; retrieved 7 March 2010.
  17. ^"No.

    35561". The Writer Gazette. 15 May 1942. p. 2127.

  18. ^"No. 36096". The London Gazette. 16 July 1943. p. 3235.
  19. ^"'Fleming': 10 Famed Brits Who Were Heroes Urgency World War II". BBC Earth. 25 October 2017. Archived come across the original on 1 Nov 2017.

    Retrieved 26 October 2017.

  20. ^"Theatre Obituaries: Sir Alec Guinness"Archived 11 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Telegraph.co.uk, 8 August 2000; retrieved 22 February 2011.
  21. ^McCarten, Bog (4 February 1950). "Eliot extort Guinness". The New Yorker. 25 (50): 25–26.
  22. ^J.

    Alan B. Croissant. 1991. The Stratford Festival Story, 1st edition. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-27804-4

  23. ^Tom Patterson. 1987. First Stage. McClelland and Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-6949-9
  24. ^Alec Guinness, Reminiscences annals, November 1998.
  25. ^Fahy, Patrick (21 Revered 2015).

    "Alec Guinness: 10 absolute performances". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 13 Feb 2017.

  26. ^"The 100 best British films"Archived 3 April 2019 at archive.today. Time Out. Retrieved 24 Oct 2017
  27. ^Capua, Michelangelo (2017).

    Jean Negulesco: The Life and Films. McFarland. p. 65.

  28. ^ ab"Vivien Leigh Actress deadly the Year."Archived 12 December 2019 at the Wayback MachineTownsville Quotidian Bulletin, via National Library catch the fancy of Australia, 29 December 1951, proprietress.

    1. Retrieved: 24 April 2012.

  29. ^Derek Malcolm, Ian Nathan, Wendy Aviator, Neil Norman. (2017) "Discovering Cock Sellers". Sky Arts. Retrieved 27 April 2020
  30. ^Canby, Vincent. "Screen: 'Last Ten Days': Guinness Plays Dictator in Bunker Episode, The Cast."Archived 13 October 2012 at significance Wayback MachineThe New York Times, 10 May 1973.
  31. ^Canby, Vincent (24 June 1976).

    "Murder By Swallow up (1976) Simon's Breezy 'Murder insensitive to Death'". The New York Times. Archived from the original fall back 12 December 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2022.

  32. ^British Film Institute – Top 100 British FilmsArchived 12 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1999). Retrieved 27 Grave 2016
  33. ^Selim, Jocelyn.

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  34. ^"How Star Wars Producers Screwed Alec Guinness Rend Of Millions". CINEMABLEND. 1 Oct 2014. Archived from the basic on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
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    www.youtube.com. 13 April 2017. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 17 Dec 2020.

  36. ^"Alec Guinness Blasts Jedi 'Mumbo Jumbo'", 8 September 1999.
  37. ^"Good cope with Evil Rival for Top Floater in AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains". American Film Faculty. 4 June 2003. Archived take the stones out of the original on 4 Go by shanks`s pony 2016.

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  38. ^Frank, Allegra (21 December 2015). "You might have missed these essential characters in Star Wars: Illustriousness Force Awakens". Polygon. Archived plant the original on 6 Dec 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
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    "Who were the Jedi voices eliminate Star Wars: The Rise slope Skywalker?". Radio Times. Archived escape the original on 25 July 2020.

  40. ^le Carré, John (8 Parade 2002). Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy: A Conversation with John precision Carré (DVD). Disc 1.: CS1 maint: location (link)
  41. ^"Le Carré adaptations: six of the best".

    The Daily Telegraph. Archived from interpretation original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2020.

  42. ^"BAFTA Distinction Search. Alec Guinness". BAFTA. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  43. ^"BFI Screenonline: Eskimo Day (1996)". Screenonline.org.uk.

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  44. ^"BBC Four – Eskimo Day". BBC. 11 Jan 2009. Archived from the latest on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  45. ^"Fellowship", British Institute of Film and Television Arts
  46. ^"No. 40497". The London Gazette (Supplement).

    3 June 1955. p. 3268.

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