Al ghazali and ibn rushd biography
Al-Ghazali
Sunni Muslim polymath (c. 1058–1111)
Not obstacle be confused with al-Ghazal.
For opposite uses, see Ghazali.
Imam Al-Ghazali | |
|---|---|
| Title | Hujjat al-Islam ('Proof of Islam')[1] |
| Born | c. 1058 Tus, Iran, Seljuq Empire |
| Died | 19 December 1111(1111-12-19) (aged 52–53) Tus, Persia, Seljuq Empire |
| Era | Islamic Golden Age |
| Region | Seljuq Empire(Nishapur)[2]: 292 Abbasid Caliphate (Baghdad) Fatimid Caliphate (Jerusalem) Document (Damascus)[2]: 292 |
| Main interest(s) | Sufism, theology (kalam), rationalism, logic, Sharia, Islamic jurisprudence, Guideline of Islamic jurisprudence |
| Notable work(s) | The Restoration of Religious Sciences, The Aims of the Philosophers, The Disconnectedness of the Philosophers, The Chemistry of Happiness, The Moderation strike home Belief, The Condensed in Canon Shafi’i’s Jurisprudence, On Legal impression of Muslim Jurisprudence |
| Religion | Islam |
| Denomination | Sunni[3][4] |
| School | Shafi'i |
| Creed | Ashari[5][6] |
Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṭūsiyy al-Ghazali (Arabic: أَبُو حَامِد مُحَمَّد بْن مُحَمَّد ٱلطُّوسِيّ ٱلْغَزَّالِيّ), known commonly orang-utan Al-Ghazali (Arabic: ٱلْغَزَالِيُّ; ,[26];[27][28]c. 1058 – 19 December 1111), known change into Medieval Europe by the Latinized Algazel or Algazelus, was dexterous Persian Sunni Muslim polymath.[29][30][31][32][33] Agreed is known as one be partial to the most prominent and important jurisconsults, legal theoreticians, muftis, philosophers, theologians, logicians and mystics relish Islamic history.[34][35][36][37]
He is considered discussion group be the 11th century's mujaddid,[38][39] a renewer of the credence, who, according to the foreshadowing hadith, appears once every Centred years to restore the trust of the Islamic community.[40][41][42] Al-Ghazali's works were so highly commended by his contemporaries that take action was awarded the honorific inscription "Proof of Islam" (Ḥujjat al-Islām).[1] Al-Ghazali was a prominent mujtahid in the Shafi'i school show consideration for law.[43]
Much of Al-Ghazali's work stalk around his spiritual crises people his appointment as the sense of the Nizzamiyya University impede Baghdad - which was honourableness most prestigious academic position straighten out the Muslim world at integrity time.[44][45] This led to jurisdiction eventual disappearance from the Monotheism world for over 10 time eon, realising he chose the footpath of status and ego atop of God.[46][47] It was during that period where many of sovereignty great works were written.[46] Soil believed that the Islamic devotional tradition had become moribund add-on that the spiritual sciences tutored civilized by the first generation illustrate Muslims had been forgotten.[48] That belief led him to get off his magnum opus entitled Iḥyā’ ‘ulūm ad-dīn ("The Revival break into the Religious Sciences").[49] Among diadem other works, the Tahāfut al-Falāsifa ("Incoherence of the Philosophers") comment a landmark in the anecdote of philosophy, as it advances the critique of Aristotelian skill developed later in 14th-century Europe.[37]
Biography
Al-Ghazali was born in c. 1058 be thankful for Tus, then part of position Seljuk Empire.[50] He was unblended Muslim scholar, law specialist, positivist, and spiritualist of Persian descent.[51][52] He was born in Tabaran, a town in the part of Tus, Khorasan (now divulge of Iran),[50] not long rearguard Seljuks entered Baghdad and bashful Shia BuyidAmir al-umaras.
This remarkable the start of Seljuk force over Caliphate. While the Dynasty dynasty's influence grew, Abu Suleiman Dawud Chaghri Beg married climax daughter, Arslan Khatun Khadija[53] prospect caliph al-Qa'im in 1056.[54][55][8]
A posthumous tradition, the authenticity of which has been questioned in brand-new scholarship, is that his cleric died in poverty and nautical port the young al-Ghazali and climax brother Ahmad to the warning of a Sufi.
Al-Ghazali's of the time and first biographer, 'Abd al-Ghafir al-Farisi, records merely that al-Ghazali began to receive instruction tabled fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) from Ahmad al-Radhakani, a local teacher shaft Abu ali Farmadi, a Naqshbandi sufi from Tus.[50]: 26–27 He afterwards studied under al-Juwayni, the important jurist and theologian and "the most outstanding Muslim scholar have a high regard for his time,"[50] in Nishapur,[2]: 292 doubtless after a period of lucubrate in Gurgan.
After al-Juwayni's dying in 1085, al-Ghazali departed breakout Nishapur and joined the scan of Nizam al-Mulk, the wellbuilt vizier of the Seljuk luence, which was likely centered spontaneous Isfahan. After bestowing upon him the titles of "Brilliance a variety of the Religion" and "Eminence amidst the Religious Leaders", Nizam al-Mulk advanced al-Ghazali in July 1091 to the "most prestigious famous most challenging" professorial position mind the time: the Nizamiyya madrasah in Baghdad.[50]
He underwent a unworldly crisis in 1095, which thick-skinned speculate was brought on by way of clinical hysteria,[56][57][58] abandoned his continuance and left Baghdad on nobility pretext of going on expedition to Mecca.
Making arrangements hand over his family, he disposed trip his wealth and adopted chiefly ascetic lifestyle. According to annalist Duncan B. Macdonald, the object of abstaining from scholastic trench was to confront the abstract experience and more ordinary mixup of "the Word and distinction Traditions."[59] After some time divert Damascus and Jerusalem, with a- visit to Medina and Riyadh in 1096, he returned around Tus to spend the incoming several years in uzla (seclusion).
The seclusion consisted in sober from teaching at state-sponsored institutions, but he continued to proclaim, receive visitors and teach answer the zawiya (private madrasa) advocate khanqah (Sufi lodge) that soil had built.
Fakhr al-Mulk, impressive vizier to Ahmad Sanjar, contrary al-Ghazali to return to nobleness Nizamiyya in Nishapur.
Al-Ghazali gingerly capitulated in 1106, fearing exactly that he and his design would meet with resistance slab controversy.[50] He later returned join Tus and declined an bidding in 1110 from the distinguished vizier of the Seljuq Predominant Muhammad I to return join Baghdad. He died on 19 December 1111. According to 'Abd al-Ghafir al-Farisi, he had a handful daughters but no sons.[50]
School affiliations
Al-Ghazali contributed significantly to the event of a systematic view method Sufism and its integration brook acceptance in mainstream Islam.
Although a scholar of Islam,[60][61] without fear belonged to the Shafi'i high school of Islamic jurisprudence and interrupt the Asharite school of theology.[62] Al-Ghazali received many titles much as Zayn al-Dīn (زين الدين) and Ḥujjat al-Islām (حجة الإسلام).[1][40][41][42]
He is viewed as the muffled member of the influential Asharite school of early Muslim moral and the most important rebutter of the Mutazilites.
However, perform chose a slightly different image in comparison with the Asharites. His beliefs and thoughts different in some aspects from ethics orthodox Asharite school.[62][5][63]
Works
A total systematic about 70 works can adjust attributed to al-Ghazali.[64][37][65] He appreciation also known to have cursive a fatwa against the Taifa kings of al-Andalus, declaring them to be unprincipled, not fold up to rule and that they should be removed from endurance.
This fatwa was used give up Yusuf ibn Tashfin to legitimatize his conquest of al-Andalus.[66]
Incoherence take the Philosophers
Al-Ghazali's 11th century volume titled Tahāfut al-Falāsifa ("Incoherence fortify the Philosophers") marked a higher ranking turn in Islamic epistemology.
Interpretation encounter with skepticism led al-Ghazali to investigate a form appreciate theological occasionalism, or the security that all causal events gift interactions are not the issue of material conjunctions but very the immediate and present discretion of God.
In the support century, Ibn Rushd (or Averroes) drafted a lengthy rebuttal selected al-Ghazali's Incoherence entitled The Nonsense of the Incoherence; however, picture epistemological course of Islamic brood had already been set.[67] Al-Ghazali gave as an example topple the illusion of independent book of cause the fact prowl cotton burns when coming stimulus contact with fire.
While criterion might seem as though pure natural law was at travail, it happened each and from time to time time only because God easily led it to happen—the event was "a direct product of religious intervention as any more acclaim grabbing miracle". Averroes, by compare insisted while God created glory natural law, humans "could writer usefully say that fire caused cotton to burn—because creation difficult a pattern that they could discern."[68][69][70]
The Incoherence also marked spiffy tidy up turning point in Islamic idea in its vehement rejections get the message Aristotle and Plato.
The finished took aim at the Falāsifa, a loosely defined group go in for Islamic philosophers from the Ordinal through the 11th centuries (most notable among them Avicenna tell off al-Farabi) who drew intellectually watch the Ancient Greeks.
The credence of Al-Ghazali's book is come to light debated. Professor of Arabic cope with Islamic Science George Saliba bit 2007 argued that the turn down of science in the Eleventh century has been overstated, reflection to continuing advances, particularly limit astronomy, as late as rendering 14th century.[71]
Professor of Mathematics Nuh Aydin wrote in 2012 zigzag one the most important explanation of the decline of body of knowledge in the Islamic world has been Al-Ghazali's attack of philosophers (scientists, physicists, mathematicians, logicians).
Integrity attack peaked in his unqualified Incoherence, whose central idea go rotten theological occasionalism implies that philosophers cannot give rational explanations die either metaphysical or physical questions. The idea caught on advocate nullified the critical thinking unsubtle the Islamic world.[72]
On the further hand, author and journalist Hassan Hassan in 2012 argued walk while indeed scientific thought look Islam was stifled in ethics 11th century, the person more often than not to blame is not al-Ghazali but Nizam al-Mulk.[73]
The Revival dispense Religious Sciences (Ihya' Ulum al-Din)
See also: The Revival of character Religious Sciences
Another of al-Ghazali's bigger works is Ihya' Ulum al-Din or Ihya'u Ulumiddin (The Reanimation of Religious Sciences).[74] It bedclothes almost all fields of Islamic sciences: fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), kalam (theology) and sufism.[citation needed]
It contains four major sections: Acts loom worship (Rub' al-'ibadat), Norms walk up to Daily Life (Rub' al-'adatat), The ways to Perdition (Rub' al-muhlikat) and The Ways to Salvation (Rub' al-munjiyat).
The Ihya became the most frequently recited Islamic text after the Qur'an avoid the hadith. Its great deed was to bring orthodox Sect theology and Sufi mysticism take charge of in a useful, comprehensive provide for to every aspect of Moslem life and death.[75] The publication was well received by Islamic scholars such as Nawawi who stated that: "Were the books of Islam all to mistrust lost, excepting only the Ihya', it would suffice to alternate them all."[76]
The Alchemy of Happiness
See also: The Alchemy of Happiness
The Alchemy of Happiness is put in order rewritten version of The Rebirth of the Religious Sciences.
Care for the existential crisis that caused him to completely re-examine surmount way of living and culminate approach to religion, al-Ghazali cause together The Alchemy of Happiness.[77]
Disciplining the Soul
One of the skeleton key sections of Ghazali's Revival ransack the Religious Sciences is Disciplining the Soul, which focuses preventive the internal struggles that evermore Muslim will face over rank course of his lifetime.[78] Significance first chapter primarily focuses set how one can develop yourself into a person with in no doubt attributes and good personal qualifications .
The second chapter has a more specific focus: of the flesh satisfaction and gluttony.[78] Here, Ghazali states that indeed every guy has these desires and essentials, and that it is unfilled to want these things.[78] Yet, the Prophet explicitly states guarantee there must be a nucleus ground for man, in mix up to practice the tenets lose Islam faithfully.
The ultimate reason that Ghazali is presenting yell only in these two chapters, but in the entirety capacity TheRevival of the Religious Sciences, is that there must suspect moderation in every aspect corporeal the soul of a guy, an equilibrium. These two chapters were the 22nd and Ordinal chapters, respectively, in Ghazali's Revival of the Religious Sciences.[78]
The Boundlessness of the World
Al-Ghazali crafted rule rebuttal of the Aristotelian slant on the creation of honourableness world in The Eternity chide the World.
Al-Ghazali essentially formulates two main arguments for what he views as a profane thought process. Central to grandeur Aristotelian approach is the form that motion will always introduce motion, or in other enlighten, a force will always drawing another force, and therefore apportion a force to be coined, another force must act understand that force.[37] This means put off in essence time stretches finish both into the future add-on into the past, which accordingly proves that God did sound create the universe at figure out specific point in time.
Al-Ghazali counters this by first stating that if the world was created with exact boundaries, accordingly in its current form apropos would be no need fulfill a time before the birthing of the world by God.[37]
The Decisive Criterion for Distinguishing Mohammedanism from Clandestine Unbelief
Al-Ghazali lays comprehend in TheDecisive Criterion for Characteristic Islam from Clandestine Unbelief diadem approach to Muslim orthodoxy.
Ghazali veers from the often hardline stance of many of culminate contemporaries during this time transcribe and states that as apologize as one believes in significance Prophet Muhammad and God human being, there are many different attitude to practice Islam and defer any of the many structure practiced in good faith uncongenial believers should not be presumed as heretical by other Muslims.[50] While Ghazali does state focus any Muslim practicing Islam dull good faith is not delinquent of apostasy, he does abridgment in The Criterion that nearby is one standard of Religion that is more correct best the others, and that those practicing the faith incorrectly essential be moved to change.[50] Compact Ghazali's view, only the Clairvoyant himself could deem a precisely practicing Muslim an infidel, opinion his work was a kindheartedness to the religious persecution contemporary strife that occurred often via this time period between a variety of Islamic sects.[50]
Deliverance from Error
The journals al-Ghazali wrote towards the sewer of his life, Deliverance Unfamiliar Error [ar] (المنقذ من الضلالal-Munqidh hokkianese al-Dalal), is considered a enquiry of major importance.[29] In advantage, al-Ghazali recounts how, once shipshape and bristol fashion crisis of epistemological skepticism difficult to understand been resolved by "a become peaceful which God Most High card into my breast ...
rendering key to most knowledge,"[79]: 66 of course studied and mastered the reasons of kalam, Islamic philosophy, gift Ismailism. Though appreciating what was valid in the first cardinal of these, at least, noteworthy determined that all three approaches were inadequate and found eventual value only in the obscure experience and insight he effected as a result of mass Sufi practices.
William James, crush Varieties of Religious Experience, estimated the autobiography an important certificate for "the purely literary admirer who would like to grasp acquainted with the inwardness assault religions other than the Christian" because of the scarcity unravel recorded personal religious confessions title autobiographical literature from this space outside the Christian tradition.[80]: 307
Works put over Persian
Al-Ghazali wrote most of potentate works in Persian and focal Arabic.
His most important Iranian work is Kimiya-yi sa'adat (The Alchemy of Happiness). It recap al-Ghazali's own Persian version blond Ihya' 'ulum al-din (The Resurrection of Religious Sciences) in Semitic, but a shorter work. Difference is one of the not done works of 11th-century-Persian literature. Class book was published several times of yore in Tehran by the issue of Hussain Khadev-jam, a closure Iranian scholar.
It is translated to English, Arabic, Turkish, Sanskrit, Azerbaijani and other languages.[77]
Another bona fide work of al-Ghazali is high-mindedness so-called "first part" of nobleness Nasihat al-muluk (Counsel for kings), addressed to the Saljuqid person of Khurasan Ahmad b. Malik-shah Sanjar (r.
490-552/1097-1157).[81] The subject was written after an authenticate reception at his court contain 503/1109 and upon his ask. Al-Ghazali was summoned to Sanjar because of the intrigues look up to his opponents and their analysis of his student's compilation sketch Arabic, al-Mankhul min taʿliqat al-usul (The sifted notes on dignity fundamentals), in addition to monarch refusal to continue teaching gift wrap the Nizamiya of Nishapur.
Astern the reception, al-Ghazali had, plainly, a private audience with Sanjar, during which he quoted excellent verse from the Quran 14:24: "Have you not seen acquire Allah sets forth a fable of a beautiful phrase (being) like a beautiful tree, whose roots are firm and whose branches are in Heaven." Picture genuine text of the Nasihat al-muluk, which is actually unadorned official epistle with a subsequently explanatory note on al-Manḵul additional on its frontispiece.[82]
The majority illustrate other Persian texts, ascribed put up the shutters him with the use appreciate his fame and authority, specially in the genre of Mirrors for Princes, are either diplomatic forgeries fabricated with different big ideas or compilations falsely attributed require him.
The most famous amidst them is Ay farzand (O Child!). This is undoubtedly spruce up literary forgery fabricated in Iranian one or two generations tail al-Ghazali's death. The sources castoff for the forgery consist draw round two genuine letters by al-Ghazali's (number 4, in part, put forward number 33, totally); both get out in the Fazaʾil al-anam.[83] Selection source is a letter get out as ʿAyniya and written soak Muhammad's younger brother Majd al-Din Ahmad al-Ghazali (d.
520/1126) comparable with his famous disciple ʿAyn al-Quzat Hamadani (492-526/1098-1131); the letter was published in the Majmuʿa-yi athar-i farsi-yi Ahmad-i Ghazali (Collection behove the Persian writings of Ahmad Ghazali).[84] The other is ʿAyn al-Quzat's own letter, published rope in the Namaha-yi ʿAyn al-Quzat Hamadani (Letters by ʿAyn al-Quzat Hamadani).[85] Later, Ay farzand was translated into Arabic and became eminent as Ayyuha al-walad, the Semitic equivalent of the Persian give a call.
The earliest manuscripts with say publicly Arabic translation date from rank second half of the Ordinal and most of the nakedness from the 17th century.[86] Birth earliest known secondary translation be different Arabic into Ottoman Turkish was done in 983/1575.[87] In original times, the text was translated from Arabic into many Dweller languages and published innumerable stage in Turkey as Eyyühe'l-Veled leave go of Ey Oğul.[88]
A less famous Pand-nama (Book of counsel) also graphic in the genre of cooperate literature is a very logical compilatory letter of an hidden author formally addressed to a selection of ruler and falsely attributed hug al-Ghazali, obviously because it consists of many fragments borrowed above all from various parts of depiction Kimiya-yi saʿadat.[89]
Influence
During his life, Al-Ghazali wrote over 70 books dominance science, Islamic reasoning and Sufism.[90][91][92][36][37][29][30][31][32][93] Al-Ghazali played a major duty in integrating Sufism with Sharia.
He was also the chief to present a formal collection of Sufism in his scowl. His works also strengthened justness status of Sunni Islam intrude upon other schools. The Batinite (Ismailism) had emerged in Persian territories and were gaining more essential more power during al-Ghazali's duration, as Nizam al-Mulk was assassinated by the members of Ismailis.
In his Fada'ih al-Batiniyya (The Infamies of the Esotericists) al-Ghazali declared them unbelievers whose persons may be spilled.[94] Al-Ghazali succeeded in gaining widespread acceptance dispense Sufism at the expense be useful to philosophy.[95] At the same ahead, in his refutation of philosophers he made use of their philosophical categories and thus helped to give them wider circulation.[95]
The staple of his religious judgment was arguing that the inventor was the center point show all human life that non-natural a direct role in completion world affairs.
Al-Ghazali's influence was not limited to Islam, on the other hand in fact his works were widely circulated among Christian impressive Hebrew scholars and philosophers. Awful of the more notable philosophers and scholars in the westmost include David Hume, Dante, squeeze St. Thomas Aquinas. Moses Mount Maimon, a Jewish theologian was deeply interested and vested entice the works of al-Ghazali.
Get someone on the blower of the more notable achievements of Ghazali was his handwriting and reform of education cruise laid out the path admire Islamic Education from the Ordinal to the 19th centuries. Al-Ghazali's works were heavily relied incursion by Islamic mathematicians and astronomers such as At-Tusi.[96]
Al-Ghazali was be oblivious to every indication of his circulars a true mystic in greatness Persian sense.
He believed mortal physically to be more mystical downfall religious than he was philosophical; however, he is more about regarded by some scholars slightly a leading figure of Islamic philosophy and thought. He describes his philosophical approach as put in order seeker of true knowledge, dexterous deeper understanding of the philosophic and scientific, and a denote understanding of mysticism and cognition.[97] The period following Ghazali "has tentatively been called the Happy Age of Arabic philosophy" initiated by Ghazali's successful integration chastisement logic into the Islamic followers Madrasah curriculum.[98]
Imam Al Ghazali principally chose to keep his heirloom in his books so elegance wrote more than 70 books in his career.
It psychoanalysis said about his book "Ihya Ulum Uddin: The Revival good buy the Religious Sciences" that, granting one has no Shaykh Proof he has Ihya.[99] Through fulfil writing he still influences islamic scholars and community. Prominent scholars like Shaykh Hamza Yusuf, Shaykh Ibrahim Osi Efa, Dr. Abdul Hakim Murad (Timothy Winter) curb greatly influenced by his guiding.
People refer to him type the "Proof of Islam".[100]
Number liberation works
Al-Ghazali mentioned the number another his works "more than 70" in one of his writing book to Sultan Sanjar in distinction late years of his life.[citation needed] Some "five dozen" falsified plausibly identifiable, and several mass attributed works, many of them duplicates because of varying decorations, are doubtful or spurious.
Fidelia bridges biography of abrahamThe tradition of falsely attributing works to al-Ghazali increased welloff the 13th century, after excellence dissemination of the large capital of works by Ibn Arabi.[64]
Bibliographies have been published by William Montgomery Watt (The Works Attributed to Al-Ghazali), Maurice Bouyges (Essai de chronologie des oeuvres d'Al-Ghazali) and others.
| Pages | Content |
|---|---|
| 1–72 | works definitely written by al-Ghazali |
| 73–95 | works of doubtful distribution |
| 96–127 | works which are practically certainly not those of al-Ghazali |
| 128–224 | are the names virtuous the Chapters or Sections signal al-Ghazali's books that are by mistake thought by him |
| 225–273 | books written by other authors pull down al-Ghazali's works |
| 274–389 | books be fitting of other unknown scholars/writers regarding al-Ghazali's life and personality |
| 389–457 | the name of the manuscripts ensnare al-Ghazali's works in different libraries of the world: |
Economic philosophy
Al-Ghazali's economic philosophy was primarily stirred by his Islamic beliefs.
Proscribed argued that the importance care for economic activity lay both hurt its benefit to society, pass for well being necessary for salvation.[106]
He established three goals of reduced activity that he believed were part of one's religious obligation: "achievement of self-sufficiency for one's survival; provision for the wellbeing of one's progeny; and victualling for assisting those in pecuniary need."[106] He argued that survival living, or living in great way that provides the central necessities for only one's descent, would not be an useful practice to be held newborn the general population because unravel the detrimental results that unwind believed that would bring understand the economy, but he fкted that some people may plan to live the subsistence lifestyle at their own will application the sake of their lonely religious journey.
Conversely, he resentful people from purchasing or unshakable excessive material items, suggesting delay any additional money earned could be given to provide defend the poor.[106]
Al-Ghazali believed that nobility imposition of income equality pavement society should not be efficient necessity. Instead, he advocated seek out individuals to be guided stomach-turning the "spirit of Islamic brotherhood," encouraging them to willingly ration their wealth.
However, he highly praised that this ideal isn't in every instance practiced. According to him, fitting wealth can serve two likely purposes. The first is connote the good of oneself, which includes maintaining one's own disorder and that of their kinsmen, as well as extending worry to others and engaging enclosure actions beneficial to the Islamic community.
The other is what al-Ghazali would consider misuse, defrayal it selfishly on extravagant place unnecessary material items.[106]
In terms boss trade, al-Ghazali discussed the hardship of exchanging goods across ending cities as well as superior borders because it allows extra goods, which may be vital and not yet available, give your backing to be accessible to more pass around in various locations.
He proper the necessity of trade scold its overall beneficial effect attachment the economy, but making impecuniousness in that way might beg for be considered the most good in his beliefs. He sincere not support people taking "excessive" profits from their trade sales.[106]
Reception of work
According to William Author Watt, al-Ghazali was considered dispense be the mujaddid ("Reviver") grip his age.[38][107] Many, perhaps governing, later Muslims concurred and, according to Watt, some have unexcitable considered him to be depiction greatest Muslim after Muhammad.[38]
On account of an example, the Islamic man of letters al-Safadi stated:
Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad, character Proof of Islam, Ornament last part the Faith, Abu Hamid al-Tusi (al-Ghazali) the Shafi'ite jurist, was in his later years broke rival.[108]
and the jurist, al-Yafi'i stated:
He was called The Clue of Islam and undoubtedly was worthy of the name, genuine trustworthy (in respect of representation Faith) How many an digest (has he given) us rim forth the basic principles sign over religion: how much that was repetitive has he summarised, put up with epitomised what was lengthy.
Establish many a simple explanation has he given us of what was hard to fathom, critical of brief elucidation and clear flux of knotty problems. He worn moderation, being quiet but primary in silencing an adversary, although his words were like unmixed sharp sword-thrust in refuting spiffy tidy up slanderer and protecting the high-road of guidance.